Biotechnology Applying the Genetic Revolution - Medical Course Subject
Basics of biotechnology
1. Advent of the Biotechnology Revolution
2. Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884): Founder of Modern Genetics
3. Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids
4. Packaging of Nucleic Acids
5. Bacteria as the Workhorses of Biotechnology
6. Escherichia coli Is the Model Bacterium
7. Arabidopsis thaliana , a Model Flowering Plant
8. Viruses Used in Genetics Research
9. Subviral Infectious Agents and Other Gene Creatures
DNA RNA and Protein
1. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
2. Transcription Expresses Genes
3. Making the RNA
4. Transcription Stop Signals
5. The Number of Genes on an mRNA Varies
6. Eukaryotic Transcription Is More Complex
7. Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes
8. Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
9. Eukaryotic mRNA Is Processed before Making Protein
10. Translating the Genetic Code into Proteins
11. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation
12. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Synthesize Their Own Proteins
Recombinant DNA Technology
1. DNA Isolation and Purification
2. Electrophoresis Separates DNA Fragments by Size
3. Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA; Ligase Joins DNA
4. Methods of Detection for Nucleic Acids
5. Complementary Strands Melt Apart and Reanneal
6. Hybridization of DNA or RNA in Southern and Northern Blots
7. Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
8. General Properties of Cloning Vectors
9. Specific Types of Cloning Vectors
10. Getting Cloned Genes into Bacteria by Transformation
11. Constructing a Library of Genes
12. Screening the Library of Genes by Hybridization
13. Eukaryotic Expression Libraries
14. Features of Expression Vectors
15. Subtractive Hybridization
DNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro
1. Introduction of DNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro
2. Replication of DNA
3. Comparing Replication in Gene Creatures, Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes
4. In Vitro DNA Synthesis
5. Chemical Synthesis of DNA
6. Chemical Synthesis of Complete Genes
7. In Vitro Synthesis of DNA Can Determine the Sequence of Bases
8. Polymerase Chain Reaction Uses In Vitro Synthesis to Amplify Small Amounts of DNA
9. Automated DNA Cycle Sequencing Combines PCR and Sequencing
10. Modifications of Basic PCR
11. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA
12. Reverse Transcriptase PCR
13. PCR in Genetic Engineering
RNA Based Technologies
1. RNA Based Technologies
2. Antisense RNA Modulates mRNA Expression
3. Antisense Oligonucleotides
4. Expression of Antisense RNA Constructs
5. Delivery of Antisense Therapies
6. RNA Interference Uses Antisense Sequences to Inhibit Gene Expression
7. RNAi in Plants and Fungi
8. MicroRNAs Are Antisense RNAs That Modulate Gene Expression
9. Applications of RNAi for Studying Gene Expression
10. RNAi for Studying Mammalian Genes
11. Functional Screening with RNAi Libraries
12. Ribozymes Catalyze Cleavage and Ligation Reactions
13. Small Naturally Occurring Ribozymes
14. Engineering Ribozymes for Medical and Biotechnology Applications
15. RNA SELEX Identifies New Binding Partners for Ribozymes
16. In Vitro Evolution and in Vitro Selection of Ribozymes
17. Synthetic Ribozymes Used in Medicine
18. Allosteric Deoxyribozymes Catalyze Specific Reactions
19. Riboswitches Are Controlled by Effector Molecules
20. Engineering Allosteric Riboswitches and Ribozymes
Immune Technology
1. Antibody Structure and Function
2. Antibodies, Antigens, and Epitopes
3. The Great Diversity of Antibodies
4. Antibody Structure
5. Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins
6. Monoclonal Antibodies for Clinical Use
7. Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies
8. Humanized Antibodies in Clinical Applications
9. Antibody Engineering
10. Diabodies and Bispecific Antibody Constructs
11. ELISA Assay
12. The ELISA as a Diagnostic Tool
13. Visualizing Cell Components Using Antibodies
14. Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting
15. Immune Memory and Vaccination
16. Creating a Vaccine
17. Making Vector Vaccines Using Homologous Recombination
18. Reverse Vaccinology
19. Identifying New Antigens for Vaccines
20. DNA Vaccines Bypass the Need to Purify Antigens
21. Edible Vaccines
Nanobiotechnology
1. Nanobiotechnology
2. Visualization at the Nanoscale
3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
4. Atomic Force Microscopy
5. Virus Detection via AFM
6. Weighing Single Bacteria and Virus Particles
7. Nanoparticles and Their Uses
8. Nanoparticles for Labeling
9. Quantum Size Effect and Nanocrystal Colors
10. Nanoparticles for Delivery of Drugs, DNA, or RNA
11. Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
12. Assembly of Nanocrystals by Microorganisms
13. Nanotubes
14. Antibacterial Nanocarpets
15. Detection of Viruses by Nanowires
16. Ion Channel Nanosensors
17. Nanoengineering of DNA
18. DNA Mechanical Nanodevices
19. Controlled Denaturation of DNA by Gold Nanoparticles
20. Controlled Change of Protein Shape by DNA
21. Biomolecular Motors
Genomics and Gene Expression
1. Genomics and Gene Expression
2. Genetic Mapping Techniques
3. Physical Maps Use Sequence Data
4. Radiation Hybrid and Cytogenetic Mapping
5. Sequencing Entire Genomes
6. Race for the Human Genome
7. Gaps Remain in the Human Genome
8. Survey of the Human Genome
9. Noncoding Components of the Human Genome
10. Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis
11. Medicine and Genomics
12. DNA Accumulates Mutations over Time
13. Genetic Evolution
14. From Pharmacology to Pharmacogenetics
15. Gene Expression and Microarrays
16. Making DNA Microarrays
17. Hybridization on DNA Microarrays
18. Monitoring Gene Expression Using Whole-Genome Tiling Arrays
19. Monitoring Gene Expression of Single Genes
Proteomics
1. Proteomics
2. Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins
3. Western Blotting of Proteins
4. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Separates Protein Mixtures
5. Digestion of Proteins by Proteases
6. Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification
7. Peptide Sequencing Using Mass Spectrometry
8. Protein Quantification Using Mass Spectrometry
9. Protein Tagging Systems
10. Phage Display Library Screening
11. Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two Hybrid System
12. Protein Interactions by Co-immunoprecipitation
13. Protein Arrays
14. Metabolomics
Recombinant Proteins
1. Proteins and Recombinant DNA Technology
2. Expression of Eukaryotic Proteins in Bacteria
3. Translation Expression Vectors
4. Codon Usage Effects
5. Avoiding Toxic Effects of Protein Overproduction
6. Increasing Protein Stability
7. Improving Protein Secretion
8. Protein Fusion Expression Vectors
9. Expression of Proteins by Eukaryotic Cells
10. Expression of Proteins by Yeast
11. Expression of Proteins by Insect Cells
12. Protein Glycosylation
13. Expression of Proteins by Mammalian Cells
14. Expression of Multiple Subunits in Mammalian Cells
15. Comparing Expression Systems
Protein Engineering
1. Protein Engineering
2. Engineering Disulfide Bonds
3. Improving Stability in Other Ways
4. Changing Binding Site Specificity
5. Structural Scaffolds
6. Directed Evolution
7. Adding New Functional Groups Using Nonnatural Amino Acids
8. Recombining Domains
9. DNA Shuffling
10. Combinatorial Protein Libraries
11. Biomaterials Design Relies on Protein Engineering
12. Engineered Binding Proteins
Environmental Biotechnology
1. Environmental Biotechnology
2. Identifying New Genes with Metagenomics
3. Culture Enrichment for Environmental Samples
4. Sequence Dependent Techniques for Metagenomics
5. Function or Activity Based Evaluation of the Environment
6. Ecology and Metagenomics
7. Natural Attenuation of Pollutants
Pathway Engineering
1. Pathway Engineering
2. Ethanol, Elephants, and Pathway Engineering
3. Degradation of Starch
4. Degradation of Cellulose
5. Ice Forming Bacteria and Frost
6. Degradation of Aromatic Ring Compounds
7. Indigo and Related Natural Pigments
8. The Toluene/Xylene Pathway
9. Removal of Halogen, Nitro, and Sulfonate Groups
10. Biorefining of Fossil Fuels
11. Biosynthesis of Medium-Sized Molecules
12. Sterol Synthesis and Modification
13. Biosynthesis of beta Lactam Antibiotics
14. Polyketides and Polyketide Antibiotics
15. Biosynthetic Plastics Are Also Biodegradable
Transgenic Plants and Plant Biotechnology
1. History of Plant Breeding
2. Plant Tissue Culture
3. Genetic Engineering of Plants
4. Getting Genes into Plants Using the Ti Plasmid
5. Particle Bombardment Technology
6. Detection of Inserted DNA
7. Using the Cre/loxP System
8. Plant Breeding and Testing
9. Transgenic Plants with Herbicide Resistance
10. Transgenic Plants with Insect Resistance
11. Trehalose in Transgenic Plants Increase Stress Tolerance
12. Functional Genomics in Plants
13. Food Safety Assessment and Starlink Corn
14. Bt Toxin and Butterflies
Transgenic Animals
1. New and Improved Animals
2. Creating Transgenic Animals
3. Larger Mice Illustrate Transgenic Technology
4. Recombinant Protein Production Using Transgenic Livestock
5. Knockout Mice for Medical Research
6. Alternative Approaches to Making Transgenic Animals
7. Location Effects on Expression of the Transgene
8. Combating Location Effects on Transgene Expression
9. Targeting the Transgene to a Specific Location
10. Deliberate Control of Transgene Expression
11. Control by Site-Specific Recombination Using Cre or Flp
12. Transgenic Insects
13. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
14. Cloning Animals by Nuclear Transplantation
15. Dolly the Cloned Sheep
16. Practical Reasons for Cloning Animals
17. Improving Livestock by Pathway Engineering
18. Problems and Ethics of Nuclear Transplantation
19. Imprinting and Developmental Problems in Cloned Animals
20. Transgenic People, Primates, and Pets
21. Applications of RNA Technology in Transgenics
22. Applications of RNA Interference in Transgenics
23. Natural Transgenics and DNA Ingestion
Inherited Defects
1. Inherited Defects
2. Hereditary Defects in Higher Organisms
3. Hereditary Defects Due to Multiple Genes
4. Defects Due to Haploinsufficiency
5. Dominant Mutations May Be Positive or Negative
6. Deleterious Tandem Repeats and Dynamic Mutations
7. Defects in Imprinting and Methylation
8. Mitochondrial Defects
9. Identification, Location, and Cloning of Defective Genes
10. Cystic Fibrosis
11. Muscular Dystrophy
12. Genetic Screening and Counseling
Gene Therapy
1. Gene Therapy or Genetic Engineering?
2. General Principles of Gene Therapy
3. Gene Patching by Oligonucleotide Crossover
4. Aggressive Gene Therapy
5. Adenovirus Vectors in Gene Therapy
6. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy by Adenovirus
7. Adeno Associated Virus
8. Retrovirus Gene Therapy
9. Retrovirus Gene Therapy for SCID
10. Nonviral Delivery in Gene Therapy
11. Liposomes and Lipofection in Gene Therapy
12. Aggressive Gene Therapy for Cancer
13. Antisense RNA and Other Oligonucleotides
14. Aptamers-Blocking Proteins with RNA
15. Ribozymes in Gene Therapy
Molecular Biology of Cancer
1. Cancer Is Genetic in Origin
2. Environmental Factors and Cancer
3. Normal Cell Division: The Cell Cycle
4. Cell Division Responds to External Signals
5. Genes That Affect Cancer
6. Oncogenes and Proto oncogenes
7. Detection of Oncogenes by Transformation
8. Types of Mutations That Generate Oncogenes
9. The Ras Oncogene-Hyperactive Protein
10. The Myc Oncogene-Overproduction of Protein
11. Tumor Suppressor Genes or Anti oncogenes
12. The p16, p21, and p53 Anti oncogenes
13. Formation of a Tumor
14. Inherited Susceptibility to Cancer
15. Cancer Causing Viruses
16. Engineered Cancer Killing Viruses
Noninfectious Diseases
1. Noninfectious Diseases: Cellular Communication
2. Noninfectious Diseases: Receptors and Signal Transmission
3. Steroids and Other Lipophilic Hormones
4. Cyclic AMP as Second Messenger
5. Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP
6. Cyclic Phosphodiesterase and Erectile Dysfunction
7. Insulin and Diabetes
8. The Insulin Receptor
9. Cloning and Genetic Engineering of Insulin
10. Obesity and Leptin
11. A Multitude of Genes Affect Obesity
12. Fat Degradation
13. Monoamine Oxidase and Violent Crime
Aging and Apoptosis
1. Aging and Apoptosis
2. Aging and Apoptosis: Cellular Senescence
3. Factors That Activate Senescence
4. Links between Cancer and Aging
5. Telomeres Shorten during Aging
6. Mitochondria and Aging
7. Life Span and Metabolism in Worms
8. Sirtuins, Histone Acetylation, and Life Span in Yeast
9. Apoptosis Is Programmed Cell Death
10. Apoptosis Involves a Proteolytic Cascade
11. Mammalian Apoptosis
12. Execution Phase of Apoptosis
13. Corpse Clearance in Apoptosis
14. Control of Apoptotic Pathways in Development
15. Alzheimer�s Disease
16. Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria
17. Using Apoptosis to Treat Cancer
Bacterial Infections
1. Bacterial Infections
2. Molecular Approaches to Diagnosis
3. Virulence Genes Are Often Found on Mobile Segments of DNA
4. Attachment and Entry of Pathogenic Bacteria
5. Iron Acquisition by Pathogenic Bacteria
6. Bacterial Toxins
7. ADP Ribosylating Toxins
8. Cholera Toxin
9. Anthrax Toxin
10. Antitoxin Therapy
Viral and Prion Infections
1. Viral Infections and Antiviral Agents
2. Interferons Coordinate the Antiviral Response
3. Influenza Is a Negative-Strand RNA Virus
4. The AIDS Retrovirus
5. Chemokine Receptors Act as Co-receptors for HIV
6. Treatment of the AIDS Retrovirus
7. Infectious Prion Disease
8. Detection of Pathogenic Prions
9. Approaches to Treating Prion Disease
10. Using Yeast Prions as Models
Biowarfare and Bioterrorism
1. Biowarfare and Bioterrorism
2. Bacteria Make Lethal Proteins to Kill Other Organisms
3. Germ Warfare among the Lower Eukaryotes
4. History of Human Biological Warfare
5. Biowarfare Expectancy and Expense
6. Important Factors in Biological Warfare
7. Which Disease Agents Are Suitable for Biological Warfare?
8. Anthrax
9. The 2001 Anthrax Attack in the United States
10. Other Bacterial Agents
11. Smallpox Virus
12. Other Viral Agents
13. Purified Toxins as Biowarfare Agents
14. Botox-Botulinum Toxin
15. Ribosome Inactivating Proteins
16. Agricultural Biowarfare
17. Genetic Engineering of Infectious Agents
18. Creation of Camouflaged Viruses
19. Biosensors and Detection of Biowarfare Agents
Forensic Molecular Biology
1. The Genetic Basis of Identity
2. Blood, Sweat, and Tears
3. Forensic DNA Testing
4. DNA Fingerprinting
5. Using Repeated Sequences in Fingerprinting
6. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
7. Probability and DNA Testing
8. Use of DNA Evidence
9. Tracing Genealogies by Mitochondrial DNA and the Y Chromosome
10. Identifying the Remains of the Russian Imperial Family
Bioethics in Biotechnology
1. Approach to Bioethics
2. Power, Profit, Poverty, and Access
3. Ignorance, Novelty, and Cultural Viewpoint
4. Possible Dangers to Individuals, Society, or Nature
5. Health Care and Related Issues
6. Interference with the Natural World
7. Altering the Human Germline
8. Knowledge, Identity, and Ideology
9. Long Term Biological Problems
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