Biochemistry - Online Course

Biochemistry - Medical Course Subject

Biochemistry

Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells

1. How does biochemistry describe life processes?
2. How did living things originate?
3. Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry
4. How and when did the Earth come to be?
5. How were biomolecules likely to have formed on the early Earth?
6. Molecules to Cells: Which came first - the catalysts or the hereditary molecules?
7. The Biggest Biological Distinction-Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
8. How is prokaryotic DNA organized without a nucleus?
9. Eukaryotic Cells
10. Five Kingdoms, Three Domains
11. Extremophiles: The Toast of the Industry
12. Common Ground for All Cells
13. Did eukaryotes develop from prokaryotes?
14. Did symbiosis play a role in the development of eukaryotes?
15. Biochemical Energetics
16. Energy and Change: What kinds of energy changes take place in living cells?
17. Spontaneity in Biochemical Reactions
18. Life and Thermodynamics
19. Predicting Reactions

Water The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions

1. Water and Polarity
2. What is polarity?
3. Solvent Properties of Water
4. Hydrogen Bonds
5. Acids, Bases, and pH
6. Titration Curves
7. Buffers
8. How do buffers work?
9. How do we choose a buffer?
10. How do we make buffers in the laboratory?
11. Are naturally occurring pH buffers present in living organisms?

Amino Acids and Peptides

1. Amino Acids Exist in a Three-Dimensional World
2. Individual Amino Acids:Their Structures and Properties
3. Uncommon Amino Acids
4. Amino Acids to Calm Down and Pep Up
5. Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases
6. The Peptide Bond
7. Small Peptides with Physiological Activity
8. Phenylketonuria-Little Molecules Have Big Effects
9. Peptide Hormones-More Small Molecules with Big Effects
10. Amino Acids Go Many Different Places

The Three Dimensional Structure of Proteins

1. Protein Structure and Function
2. Primary Structure of Proteins
3. Secondary Structure of Proteins
4. Complete Proteins and Nutrition
5. Periodic Structures in Protein Backbones
6. Secondary Structure of Proteins: Irregularities in Regular Structures
7. Supersecondary Structures and Domains of Proteins
8. The Collagen Triple Helix
9. Two Types of Protein Conformations: Fibrous and Globular
10. Tertiary Structure of Proteins
11. Forces Involved in Tertiary Structures
12. Myoglobin: An Example of Protein Structure
13. Denaturation and Refolding
14. Quaternary Structure of Proteins
15. Protein Folding Dynamics
16. Hydrophobic Interactions:A Case Study in Thermodynamics
17. Protein Folding Dynamics: The Importance of Correct Folding
18. Protein-Folding Chaperones
19. Prions and Disease

Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques

1. Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells
2. Column Chromatography
3. What are the different types of chromatography?
4. Electrophoresis
5. Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein
6. Cleavage of the Protein into Peptides
7. Sequencing of Peptides: The Edman Method
8. Protein Purification: Pulling It All Together

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes

1. Enzymes Are Effective Biological Catalysts
2. Kinetics versus Thermodynamics
3. Enzymes as Markers for Disease
4. Enzyme Kinetic Equations
5. Enzyme-Substrate Binding
6. Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
7. The Michaelis�Menten Approachto Enzyme Kinetics
8. Enzyme Inhibition
9. Practical Information from Kinetic Data
10. Enzyme Inhibition in the Treatment of AIDS

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes Mechanisms and Control

1. The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes
2. The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes
3. Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation
4. Zymogens
5. The Nature of the Active Site
6. Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms
7. The Active Site and Transition States
8. Families of Enzymes: Proteases
9. Coenzymes
10. Catalytic Antibodies against Cocaine
11. Catalysts for Green Chemistry

Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes

1. The Definition of a Lipid
2. The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types
3. What are fatty acids?
4. What are triacylglycerols?
5. What are phosphoacylglycerols?
6. What are waxes and sphingolipids?
7. What are glycolipids?
8. What are steroids?
9. Biological Membranes
10. What is the structure of lipid bilayers?
11. How does the composition of the bilayer affect its properties?
12. Butter versus Margarine-Which Is Healthier?
13. The Kinds of Membrane Proteins
14. The Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure
15. Membranes in Drug Delivery
16. The Functions of Biological Membranes
17. Lipid Droplets Are Not Just Great Balls of Fat
18. Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions
19. Vision Has Great Chemistry
20. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
21. Why Should We Eat More Salmon?

Nucleic Acids How Structure Conveys Information

1. Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids
2. The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides
3. The DNA Family Tree
4. The Structure of DNA
5. What is the nature of the DNA double helix?
6. Are there other possible conformations of the double helix?
7. How does prokaryotic DNA supercoil into its tertiary structure?
8. How does supercoiling take place in eukaryotic DNA?
9. What Makes a Triple Helix Useful in Drug Design?
10. Denaturation of DNA
11. The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures
12. What kinds of RNA play a role in life processes?
13. What is the role of transfer RNA in protein synthesis?
14. How does ribosomal RNA combine with proteins to form the site of protein synthesis?
15. The Human Genome Project: Treasure or Pandora�s Box?
16. Why Identical Twins Are Not Identical

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids Replication

1. The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell
2. Replication of DNA
3. DNA Polymerase
4. Semidiscontinuous DNA Replication
5. DNA Polymerase from E. coli
6. Proteins Required for DNA Replication
7. Proofreading and Repair
8. Why Does DNA Contain Thymine and Not Uracil?
9. Eukaryotic DNA Replication
10. The SOS Response in E. coli
11. Telomerase and Cancer

Transcription of the Genetic Code The Biosynthesis of RNA

1. Transcription of the Genetic Code
2. Transcription in Prokaryotes
3. Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
4. Transcription in Eukaryotes
5. Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes
6. Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins
7. Post transcriptional RNA Modification
8. Lupus: An Autoimmune Disease Involving RNA Processing
9. Ribozymes
10. What are the characteristics of a ribozyme?
11. Proofreading in Transcription? RNA Fills In Another Missing Piece

Protein Synthesis Translation of the Genetic Message

1. Translating the Genetic Message
2. The Genetic Code
3. Codon�Anticodon Pairing and Wobble
4. Amino Acid Activation
5. Prokaryotic Translation
6. Eukaryotic Translation
7. Posttranslational Modification of Proteins
8. Protein Degradation
9. Chaperones: Preventing Unsuitable Associations
10. Silent Mutations Are Not Always Silent
11. How Do We Adapt to High Altitude?

Nucleic Acid Biotechnology

1. Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids
2. Restriction Endonucleases
3. Cloning
4. What is cloning?
5. What are plasmids?
6. Genetic Engineering
7. Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
8. Human Proteins through Genetic Recombination Techniques
9. Fusion Proteins and Fast Purifications
10. DNA Libraries
11. The Polymerase Chain Reaction
12. DNA Fingerprinting
13. CSI: Biochemistry - Forensic Uses of DNA Testing
14. Sequencing DNA
15. RNA Interference - The Newest Way to Study Genes
16. Genomics and Proteomics

Viruses Cancer and Immunology

1. Viruses
2. What is the structure of a virus?
3. Families of Viruses
4. Virus Life Cycles
5. Why are viruses important?
6. Retroviruses
7. Why are retroviruses important?
8. Viruses are Used for Gene Therapy
9. The Immune System
10. Innate Immunity-The Front Lines of Defense
11. Acquired Immunity: Cellular Aspects
12. T-Cell Functions
13. T-Cell Memory
14. The Immune System: Molecular Aspects
15. The Immune System: Distinguishing Self from Nonself
16. Viral RNAs Outwit the Immune System
17. Cancer
18. Oncogenes
19. Tumor Suppressors
20. Viruses and Cancer
21. Viruses Helping Cure Cancer
22. Attacking the Symptoms instead of the Disease?

The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism

1. Standard States for Free-Energy Changes
2. A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications
3. Living Things Need Energy-How Do They Use It?
4. The Nature of Metabolism
5. Living Things Are Unique Thermodynamic Systems
6. The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism
7. Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
8. Coupling of Production and Use of Energy
9. Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways

Carbohydrates

1. Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry
2. What is unique about the structures of sugars?
3. What happens if a sugar forms a cyclic molecule?
4. Reactions of Monosaccharides
5. Vitamin C Is Related to Sugars
6. Some Important Oligosaccharides
7. Fruits, Flowers, Striking Colors, and Medicinal Uses Too
8. Lactose Intolerance: Why Do So Many People Not Want to Drink Milk?
9. Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides
10. Why Is Dietary Fiber So Good for You?
11. Glycoproteins
12. Low-Carbohydrate Diets
13. Glycoproteins and Blood Transfusions

Glycolysis

1. The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis
2. Biofuels from Fermentation
3. Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose toThree-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
4. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate
5. Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
6. What Is the Connection between Anaerobic Metabolism and Dental Plaque?
7. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
8. Energy Production in Glycolysis

Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism

1. How Glycogen Is Produced and Degraded
2. How does the breakdown of glycogen take place?
3. How is glycogen formed from glucose?
4. How is glycogen metabolism controlled?
5. Why Do Athletes Go In for Glycogen Loading?
6. Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate
7. Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
8. Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted throughthe Pentose Phosphate Pathway
9. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Hemolytic Anemia

The Citric Acid Cycle

1. The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism
2. The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle
3. How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA
4. The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
5. Plant Poisons and the Citric Acid Cycle
6. Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle
7. The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway
8. The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism
9. The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism
10. Why Can�t Animals Use All the Same Energy Sources as Plants and Bacteria?
11. The Link to Oxygen
12. Why Is It So Hard to Lose Weight?

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

1. The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism
2. Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain
3. Organization of Electron Transport Complexes
4. The Connection between Electron Transportand Phosphorylation
5. The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation
6. Respiratory Inhibitors Can Be Usedto Study Electron Transport
7. Shuttle Mechanisms
8. What Does Brown Adipose Tissue Have to Do with Obesity?
9. The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose
10. Sports and Metabolism
11. The Darker Side of Sports

Lipid Metabolism

1. Catabolism of Lipids
2. The Energy Yield from the Oxidationof Fatty Acids
3. Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids
4. Ketone Bodies
5. Fatty-Acid Biosynthesis
6. Ketone Bodies and Effective Weight Loss
7. Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids
8. A Gene for Obesity
9. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase-A New Target in the Fight against Obesity?
10. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
11. Atherosclerosis

Photosynthesis

1. Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis
2. The Relationship between Wavelength and Energy of Light
3. Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
4. Cyclic Electron Transport in Photosystem I
5. Photosynthesis and ATP Production
6. Killing Weeds by Inhibiting Photosynthesis
7. Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen
8. Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2
9. Chloroplast Genes
10. CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants

The Metabolism of Nitrogen

1. Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview
2. Nitrogen Fixation
3. Why Is the Nitrogen Content of Fertilizers So Important?
4. Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism
5. Amino Acid Biosynthesis
6. Essential Amino Acids
7. Amino Acid Catabolism
8. Water and the Disposal of Nitrogen Wastes
9. Chemotherapy and Antibiotics - Taking Advantage of the Need for Folic Acid
10. Purine Biosynthesis
11. Purine Catabolism
12. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
13. Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism
14. Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides
15. Conversion of dUTP to dTTP

Integration of Metabolism Cellular Signaling

1. Connections between Metabolic Pathways
2. Biochemistry and Nutrition
3. What are required nutrients?
4. Why do we need vitamins?
5. What are minerals?
6. The Food Pyramid
7. What is obesity?
8. Alcohol Consumption and Addiction
9. Iron: An Example of a Mineral Requirement
10. Hormones and Second Messengers
11. What are hormones?
12. How do second messengers work? Cyclic AMP and G Proteins
13. Calcium Ion as a Second Messenger
14. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
15. Hormones and the Control of Metabolism
16. Insulin and Its Effects
17. Insulin and Low-Carbohydrate Diets
18. A Workout a Day Keeps Diabetes Away?
19. The Search for Longevity

Living Cell

1. Living Cell
2. Types of Living cells
3. Sub cellular Organelles
4. Cell Membrane and its Functions
5. Cell Wall and its Functions
6. Nucleus and its Functions
7. Mitochondria and its Functions
8. Endoplasmic reticulum and its Functions
9. Golgi apparatus and its Functions
10. Ribosomes and its Functions
11. Lysosomes and its Functions
12. Peroxisomes and its Functions
13. Cytoplasm and its Functions
14. Chloroplasts and its Functions
15. Cell Vacuoles
16. Blood: Composition and Functions
17. Formation of blood
18. Body Fluids
19. Buffers
20. Uses of buffer
21. Buffers of blood
22. Acids and bases

Biomolecules

1. Biomolecule: Carbohydrates
2. Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates
3. Proteins: Definition, Classification, Functions
4. Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions
5. Nucleic acids: Definition, Classification, Functions

Enzymes

1. Enzymes
2. Chemical nature of enzymes
3. Naming of enzymes
4. Classification of enzymes
5. Factors influencing enzyme activity
6. Types of enzyme inhibition
7. Iso enzymes
8. Importance of enzymes

Carbohydrates

1. Functions of carbohydrates
2. Classification of carbohydrates
3. Monosaccharides
4. Physical properties of monosaccharides
5. Chemical properties of glucose
6. Haworth projection formula of glucose and fructose
7. Disaccharides
8. Poly saccharides

Proteins

1. Proteins and Sources of protein
2. Amino acids
3. Properties of amino acids
4. Classification of amino acids
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of proteins
6. Protein structure
7. Biologically important proteins

Lipids

1. Lipids
2. Classification of Fatty acids
3. Essential fatty acid (EFA): Structure, Functions
4. Structure of triacyl glycerol
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of triacyl glycerol
6. Phospholipids
7. Classification of Phospholipids
8. Properties of glycero phospholipids and sphingo phospholipids
9. Importance of phospholipids
10. Sterols
11. Cholesterol: Structure, Properties

Nucleic Acids

1. Structure and Properties of pyrimidine bases
2. Purine bases: Structure and Properties
3. Nucleic acids
4. Nucleic acids: Nucleosides and Nucleotides
5. Structure of DNA
6. Functions of DNA
7. Structure and types of RNA

Vitamins

1. Vitamins
2. Fat soluble vitamins
3. Water soluble vitamins
4. Vitamin - A
5. Vitamin D
6. Vitamin E
7. Vitamin K
8. Thiamine (B1)
9. Riboflavin (B2)
10. Niacin (B3)
11. Pyridoxine (B6)
12. Folic acid
13. Vitamin B12
14. Pantothenic acid (B5)
15. Biotin
16. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Minerals

1. Minerals Introduction
2. Calcium
3. Phosphorus
4. Sodium
5. Potassium
6. Chlorine
7. Magnesium
8. Sulphur
9. Iron
10. Copper
11. Iodine
12. Fluorine
13. Zinc
14. Cobalt
15. Manganese
16. Chromium
17. Molybdenum
18. Selenium

Biochemical Techniques

1. Chromatography
2. Types of chromatography
3. Column chromatography: Types, Principle
4. Thin Layer chromatography
5. Paper chromatography
6. Applications of chromatography
7. Electrophoresis: principle, Types
8. Centrifugation techniques: Principle, Types, Uses
9. Differential centrifugation technique
10. Spectrophotometry
11. The photoelectric colorimeter
12. Applications of spectrophotometry

Cell Membrane

1. Cell Membrane: Introduction
2. Cell Membrane: Chemical Composition
3. Models proposed for the plasma membrane
4. Membrane Transport
5. Cell Membrane: Viscosity
6. Surface tension
7. Osmosis and Biological Significance
8. Buffers

Digestion

1. Biochemistry: Digestion
2. Carbohydrates in Digestion
3. Digestion of Proteins
4. Digestion of Lipids
5. Digestion of Nucleic acids

Carbohydrate Metabolism

1. Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism
2. Carbohydrate as a source of energy
3. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)
4. HMP shunt pathway
5. Glycogen
6. Glycogen biosynthesis
7. Degradation of glycogen (Glycogenolysis)
8. Gluconeogenesis
9. Diabetes Mellitus

Protein Metabolism

1. Protein Metabolism
2. Protein biosynthesis
3. Protein Metabolism Translation
4. Metabolism of Proteins
5. Urea Cycle
6. Formation of Niacin
7. Formation of Melanin
8. Formation of thyroid hormone
9. Formation of catecholamines

Lipid Metabolism

1. Lipid Metabolism
2. Biological functions of Lipids
3. Fatty acids
4. Biosynthesis of fatty acids
5. Oxidation of Fatty Acids
6. Cholesterol Biosynthesis
7. Biosynthesis of cholesterol
8. Important products derived from cholesterol
9. Biosynthesis of phospholipids
10. Cephalin
11. Atherosclerosis

Nucleic Acid Metabolism

1. Nucleic Acid Metabolism
2. Biosynthesis of DNA
3. Replication and Models of Replication
4. Sequential Process of Replication Initiation of DNA replication
5. Catabolism of DNA by Deoxyribonucleases
6. Biosynthesis of RNA (Transcription)
7. Processing of mRNA molecules
8. mRNA Processing of tRNA Molecules
9. Role of tRNA in protein synthesis

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism
2. Galactosemia: Causes, Symptoms
3. Von - Gierke�s Disease : Cause, Symptoms
4. Hemophilia: Causes, Symptoms
5. Albinism
6. Alkaptonuria: Causes, Symptoms
7. Taysach�s Disease: Causes, Symptoms
8. Neoplasm

Biological Oxidation

1. Biological Oxidation
2. Redox Couple
3. Electron transport chain
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
5. High energy compounds

Enzyme Kinetics

1. Enzyme Kinetics
2. Derivation of M - M Equation
3. Enzyme Action
4. Enzyme Inhibitor - Concepts

Immunology

1. Immunology
2. Infections
3. Immunity
4. Natural Immunity
5. Acquired immunity
6. Humoral immunity
7. Cell mediated immunity
8. Antigens
9. Structure and Types of Antigens
10. Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens
11. Antibodies
12. Antibody Structure
13. Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types
14. Antigen antibody reactions
15. Blood groups

Practicals

1. Collection of Blood
2. Preparation of Starch From Potatoes
3. Preparation of Casein From Milk
4. Estimation of Protein (Biuret Method) - Colorimetric Estimation
5. Estimation of Glucose (Orthotoluidine method)
6. Estimation of Calcium (Titrimetric Method)
7. Determination of Blood Grouping